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French ship Napoléon (1850)
The ''Napoléon'' was a 90-gun ship of the line of the French Navy, and the first purpose-built steam battleship in the world.〔"Napoleon (90 guns), the first purpose-designed screw line of battleships", ''Steam, Steel and Shellfire'', Conway's History of the Ship (p39)〕 She is also considered the first true steam battleship, and the first screw battleship ever.〔''"Hastened to completion Le Napoleon was launched on 16 May 1850, to become the world's first true steam battleship"'', ''Steam, Steel and Shellfire'', Conway's History of the Ship (p39)〕
Launched in 1850, she was the lead ship of a class of 9 battleships, all built over a period of 10 years. This class of ship was designed by the famous naval designer Henri Dupuy de Lôme. She was originally to be named ''Prince de Joinville'', in honour of François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, but was renamed ''24 Février'' during the French Second Republic to celebrate the abdication of Louis Philippe I, and later to ''Napoléon'' in May 1850, a few days after her launch. The Prince of Joinville mentioned the incident in his ''Vieux Souvenirs'', bitterly writing "I still laugh about it". 〔(« J’en ris encore » ), Nicolas Mioque, troisponts.wordpress.com〕
==Technological context==
Before the experimental adoption of the screw in warships in the 1840s, the only available steam technology was that of the paddle wheels, which, due to their positioning on the side of the hull and the large machinery they required were not compatible with the broadside cannon layout of the battleships.
:''"Dupuy de Lôme conceived and carried out the bolder scheme of designing a full-powered screw liner, and in 1847 ''Le Napoléon'' was ordered. Her success made the steam reconstruction of the fleets of the world a necessity. She was launched in 1850, tried in 1852, and attained a speed of nearly . During the Crimean War her performances attracted great attention, and the type she represented was largely increased in numbers. She was about . in length, . in breadth, and of 5,000 tons displacement, with two gun decks. In her design boldness and prudence were well combined. The good qualities of the sailing line-of-battle ships which had been secured by the genius of Sané and his colleagues were maintained; while the new conditions involved in the introduction of steam power and large coal supply were thoroughly fulfilled."''〔Scientific American Supplement, No. 481, March 21, 1885〕
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